The Black Friday Economy: A Financial History of the World's Biggest Sale

November 26, 2025 | Seattle, WA

Black Friday: To the modern consumer, it means doorbuster deals, overflowing online carts, and the official start of the holiday shopping spree. But the journey of this single day, from an originally critical term for police chaos to a multi-billion dollar economic indicator, is a story of shrewd marketing, retail strategy, and the unstoppable force of the internet.

I. The Negative Label: Chaos and the Police (1950s-1970s)

Before it was about profit, Black Friday was a day of pure misery for law enforcement in Philadelphia.

• The Original Name: The term "Black Friday" was coined by Philadelphia police officers in the 1950s and 60s. It was a negative descriptor for a day they absolutely dreaded working.

• The Cause: The day after Thanksgiving brought massive crowds of shoppers and football fans, causing gridlock, traffic jams, accidents, and a surge in crime.

• A Critical Term: For the police, the label was highly critical because it referred to a day of stressful, compulsory shifts and unmanageable disorder.

II. The Great Financial Rebranding (1980s)

The 1980s marked the turning point where retailers fought to shed the day's negative history and define it by its economic potential.

• The Myth is Born: Retailers successfully popularized the narrative that "Black Friday" was the day their accounting books finally moved from "in the red" (operating at a financial loss) to "in the black" (making a profit for the year). This powerful story replaced the police's critical narrative.

• Financial Impact: This rebranding transformed a day of perceived disorder into a symbol of financial success. Retailers heavily promoted the day with deep discounts, cementing it as the undisputed kickoff to the make-or-break holiday retail season.

III. The Golden Age of Bricks-and-Mortar (1990s and Early 2000s)

This era saw Black Friday reach its physical, high-stakes retail peak, driving consumer frenzy based on limited supply.

• The Spectacle: The decade was defined by doorbuster deals, scarcity, and urgency. Products like video game consoles and popular toys were limited-quantity "bait" designed to get customers inside.

• The Strategy: The primary economic goal was leveraging the fear of missing out (FOMO) to bring customers through the door, where they would inevitably buy other, higher-margin items not on deep discount.

• Economic Clout: Black Friday became consistently named the busiest shopping day of the year in the U.S., serving as a vital measure of consumer confidence for the broader economy.

  
  

IV. The Digital Awakening and Cyber Monday (2005)

The advent of the internet forced a shift, creating a complementary, non-physical shopping event.

• The Problem: Consumers were returning to their workplace on Monday and using faster office internet connections to continue their shopping online.

• The Solution: In 2005, the term "Cyber Monday" was coined by the National Retail Federation (NRF) to formally encourage online shopping on the Monday after Thanksgiving.

• The Shift: This creation marked the first official decoupling of the shopping rush from the physical store, laying the groundwork for digital dominance.

V. The Blurring of the Lines (2010s to Today)

Modern Black Friday is less about one day and more about an extended sales season dominated by e-commerce.

• The "Cyber Five": The entire five-day period, from Thanksgiving Thursday through Cyber Monday, became known as the "Cyber Five," a single economic unit where online sales rapidly overtook brick-and-mortar traffic.

• Online Dominance: Cyber Monday now routinely surpasses Black Friday in total sales, and Black Friday's own sales are largely conducted online. The emphasis has shifted from scarcity to convenience.

• Black November: Retailers have stretched the sales window into "Black November" or "Deals for Days." This strategy dilutes the traditional single-day frenzy, maximizing the total selling window and smoothing out logistics.

VI. Black Friday by the Numbers: The Global Retail Powerhouse

The story of Black Friday's transformation is best told through its monumental sales figures, which demonstrate consumer resilience and the total dominance of e-commerce.

In 2024, U.S. online spending on Black Friday officially crossed the $10 billion mark for the first time, hitting a final total of $10.8 billion, a substantial increase of 10.2% over the prior year. This rapid growth confirmed that despite economic pressures, consumers were still highly motivated to spend when major discounts were offered.

The entire "Cyber Five" weekend (Thanksgiving through Cyber Monday) accounted for a record $41.1 billion in U.S. online sales. Cyber Monday maintained its lead as the largest single online shopping day, generating $13.3 billion in U.S. sales. Furthermore, the mobile shift was undeniable, as mobile devices accounted for over 54% of all online sales during the period.

Looking Ahead to 2025: Analysts, including the National Retail Federation (NRF), are forecasting another year of solid growth, predicting that total holiday sales (November-December) will grow between 3.7% and 4.2% over 2024. For the first time, the NRF expects total holiday sales to surpass $1 trillion. This projected growth is dependent on consumers prioritizing value and continuing to use flexible payment options like "Buy Now, Pay Later" (BNPL), which saw record usage in 2024.

The Black Friday we experience today is a testament to retail evolution, a financially crucial event that successfully transformed its original, negative name into a global symbol of consumer savings and a critical barometer of the world economy.